Introduction
Blockchain is an inflexible, distributed ledger that is utilised to record transactions and track assets inside a network of companies. It is a type of system that is utilised to store data which anybody cannot hack or alter. Intangible resources consist of copyright, licenses, patents and different brand resources. Tangible resources comprise money, homes, property and vehicles. Blockchain technology is a kind of system that stores transactional records, otherwise called the block of the general public in various data sets, referred to as chains, within the network, linked using peer-to-peer nodes. Usually, this storage is alluded to as a digital ledger. The main purpose of this literature review assessment is to investigate the use of advanced algorithmic applications that involve Blockchain Technology in the 21st century. The Literature Review involved critically analysing 5 research papers related to the utilisation of advanced algorithmic apps including the use of Blockchain.
The application of Blockchain technology in Artificial Intelligence
There has been increased interest in utilising AI (Artificial Intelligence) in different situations to make informed decisions and promote predictive analysis. Presently, software developers are trying to utilise Blockchain technology to promote Artificial Intelligence apps, for instance, conserving the privacy of data, protecting the data while it is being shared and supporting decisions that are made by Artificial Intelligence and decentralised Artificial Intelligence. In this research paper, the researchers performed a detailed examination regarding how Blockchain technology could benefit Artificial Intelligence according to these 4 aspects. By critically 27 research papers that were published between 2018 and 2021. The main findings of this research revealed that for a decentralised platform, Blockchain permits data users and proprietors to share data in a distributed way. Since Blockchain is translucent and inflexible, it could minimise or reduce the chances of fraud while sharing data or making digital transactions (Dai et al., 2020). Moreover, the fundamental cryptographic algorithms (homomorphic encrypted message, threshold coded message, and so on) are utilised to process the data that is saved on the Blockchain Kassidy with guaranteeing the privacy, authenticity and value of confidential data. The utilisation of smart contracts to computerise the creation of a model, training, sharing data, tracing digital transactions and decision-making procedures on Blockchain assists with ensuring the reliability of the outcomes. Lastly, incentive tools could be created on Blockchain to facilitate the collaboration of each participant in finishing tasks related to Artificial Intelligence training. Some of the biggest challenges of using Artificial Intelligence is data storage. Within Artificial Intelligence, substantial space is required to store data related to training and digital transactions. Nonetheless, due to the limited storage space, it is not practical to store the detailed training data. One conceivable solution to tackle this challenge is to create a more effective consensus tool, for instance, by developing Artificial Intelligence that is based on Blockchain that uses private Blockchain (which could efficiently improve the rate at which the data is transferred).
The security of smart contracts is another significant challenge of utilising Artificial Intelligence. The majority of Artificial Intelligence apps that are based on Blockchain depend on smart contracts to computerise the procedure of training. There might be mistakes within smart contracts (Yu et al., 2020). For instance, susceptibilities within Decentralised Autonomous Organisation smart contracts that are created on the Ethereum platform were taken advantage of in a cyberattack that happened in 2016, which led to a loss of 2.8 million Ethers. The last challenge of using Artificial Intelligence is identity privacy. Preserving a user’s privacy on Blockchain could be either transaction or identity privacy. Preserving identity privacy ensures that a hacker cannot match the address on the Blockchain to a client’s real identity and preserving transaction privacy ensures the user’s personal data from getting stolen. The majority of present protection schemes utilise Blockchain technology and decision-making procedure to document the training information and preserve the privacy of susceptible training information. Nonetheless, protecting the user’s identity is usually overlooked. Ethereum and Bitcoin offer anonymity by utilising pseudo names rather than their actual name for confirming transactions. Nonetheless, the real identity of the user could in any case be determined by monitoring the transactions of the user (Androulaki et al., 2013) (Wang, R., Luo, M., Wen, Y., Wang, L., Raymond Choo, K.K. and He, D. 2021. The Applications of Blockchain in Artificial Intelligence. Security and Communication Networks, pp.1-16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6126247).
Blockchain-Internet of Things devices storage optimisation utilising an improved time-variant multi-objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm
The incorporation of IoTs gadgets onto the Blockchain suggests a rise when it comes to making digital transactions on Blockchain, consequently also increasing the conditions for data storage. An ideal way to solve both of these problems is to use resources available on the cloud to store blocks inside the chain. This particular research, hence recommends improving a hybrid structure design that utilises containerisation to build on the side chain that is created on the fog node for the gadgets linked to it and an AT-MOPSO (Advanced Time-variation Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm) for deciding the number of blocks that will ideal to transfer to the cloud for storing data. This specific algorithm utilises time-variant loads for the speed of the particle swarm optimisation and sorting that is non-dominated and duplication schemes through NSGA-III (Non dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm). The suggested algorithm was compared using the outcomes from the initial Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm, the SPEA-II (Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm) and the PESA-II (Pareto Envelope-based Selection Algorithm) with a selection that is based on region and Non dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm. The recommended Advanced Time-variation Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm indicated better outcomes compared to the previously mentioned Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm on the cost of cloud storage and optimisation of query possibility. Significantly, Advanced Time-variation Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm accomplished 52 per cent energy effectiveness, in comparison to NSGA-III. To demonstrate the way that this algorithm could be utilised in the Blockchain framework, the BISS automated Blockchain structure was adjusted and changed to demonstrate the way that the Advanced Time-variation Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm could be utilised with prevailing Blockchain frameworks and the advantages it offers (Nartey, C., Tchao, E. T., Gadze, J. D., Yeboah-Akowuah, B., Nunoo-Mensah, H., Welte, D. and Sikora, A. 2022. Blockchain-IoT peer device storage optimization using an advanced time-variant multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-02074-3)
Implementing Blockchain consensus algorithm on embedded structure
The utilisation of IoT innovation across numerous applications, for example, communication, medical care and independent frameworks are driving the development of the market positively. The advancement of cutting-edge data analysis methods, for example, Blockchain for linked to the Internet of Things gadgets can possibly decrease the expense and increase the adoption of cloud storage. Blockchain is a vital innovation for synchronous Internet of Things apps giving confidence within disseminated automated frameworks that run on embedded equipment without the requirement for certified specialists. There are numerous problems in Blockchain Internet of Things apps, for example, the consumption or utilisation of energy and the amount of time it takes to execute a command. These particular limitations must be closely reviewed, in addition to, other limitations, for example, data security and the number of nodes. Frikha et al. (2021) discussed a technique that depends on hybrid hardware/software structure and intended for PoW (Proof of Work) consensus which is mostly utilised consensus system in Blockchain. The formulated structure is substantiated utilising the Ethereum Blockchain alongside the Keccak 256 and the FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) ZedBoard advancement tools. This execution indicates an improvement in the amount of time it takes to execute a time of 338 per cent and reduces the consumption of energy by 255 per cent, in comparison to, the utilisation of Nvidia Maxwell GPUs. In order to effectively execute the Proof of Work consensus system on platforms that have limited resources, it is feasible to utilise an on-chain structure to adequately move and obtain data and an off-chain framework to execute the PoW consensus framework and transfer the results to the node on the on-chain structure. This framework, in spite of its intricacy, permits a gain of a minimum of 5 times, in comparison with, a genuine software framework in the performance time, at the same time, decreasing the consumption of power (Frikha, T., Chaabane, F., Aouinti, N., Cheikhrouhou, O., Ben Amor, N. and Kerrouche, A. 2021. Implementation of Blockchain Consensus Algorithm on Embedded Architecture. Security and Communication Networks, pp.1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9918697)
Algorithm analysis of efficiency of Blockchain with communication delay
A Blockchain is a disseminated organised framework that stores data. Some of the most widely utilised Blockchain applications comprise cryptocurrencies, for example, Ethereum and Bitcoin. Pinzón et al. (2020) recommend an algorithmic technique to analyse the effectiveness of a Blockchain as the function of a typical delay in synchronisation and the number of blocks. The algorithms that are suggested take into account a random network model that describe the development of tree blocks by sticking to a conventional protocol. These particular models have two parameters, which are distribution functions, which are administering the creation of blocks and delays in communication. Both of the distributions decided the effectiveness of synchronisation of Blockchain copies that are distributed between the employees and, hence, vital for understanding the growth of stochastic. Also, the algorithms take into consideration situations with a limited or unlimited number of employees within a network. The simulation algorithms are considered to be probabilistic and could be utilised to calculate the anticipated value of numerous standards of interest, for limited as well as an unlimited number of employees, through Monte Carlo simulations. It is substantiated, under adequate presumptions, that the rapid approximation algorithm for employees to produce more precise estimates. The primary findings of this research indicate how algorithms could be utilised to examine the various kinds of designs of Blockchain, for example, frameworks in which the amount of time it takes to produce blocks could match the standard time of broadcasting messages needed for synchronisation. Specifically, this algorithmic technique offers knowledge into establishing criteria for measuring effectiveness for distinguishing situations under which the increase in the production of blocks adversely affects the reliability of the Blockchain. The algorithms and random network model are uncertain of the Blockchain’s last use, and they act like a conventional system for determining and analysing various non-functioning properties of future and present Blockchains (Pinzón, C., Rocha, C., & Finke, J. 2020. Algorithmic Analysis of Blockchain Efficiency with Communication Delay. Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, pp.400-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45234-6_20)
The applications of Blockchain technology within the advanced power structure
With regards to current power framework advancement to help the development towards environmentally friendly power energy, several existing issues and even problems require modern practical solutions. Recently, decentralised Blockchain technology has been utilised to solve a few issues inside power structures. Because of decentralisation and unchangeable data on Blockchain, its use in advanced power structures tends to play a significant part because of its several benefits, for example, improving the systematic operations of the structure, improving the effectiveness of operating pay and data management, increasing the utilisation of energy within microgrids and decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere during the production of energy. The main findings of the research indicate that the utilisation of Blockchain has numerous disadvantages. For example, its unchanging nature and irreversibility are both drawbacks and benefits. In case, the transfer address error happens during a transaction, it would directly result in losses that are permanent and the transaction cannot be cancelled. Losing the key would lead to losses that are also permanent that cannot be revoked. Furthermore, advantages in one particular area might cause limitations in other areas. For instance, the chance and the possible advantages of trading energy, which is incorporating Blockchain innovation into the region’s power system. Nonetheless, before it turns into a reality, it is important to series of changes to the current energy system, legitimate and energy exchanging framework. It also improves its use and security by utilising an optimised algorithm, securing energy trading means or adding certifications for both, the private and public keys. The Ellipsis encryption algorithm can also be utilised to demonstrate the efficiency of the existing energy trading means. Nonetheless, the procedure of confirming whether the entire data has been successfully transferred might slow down. The normal nodes could be separated into various consensus areas and utilise simultaneous consensus to decrease the tension of communication in order to further improve the calculation speed. Wang et al. (2022) also recommend that in the future, Block technology will play a significant part in the field of environmentally friendly energy, energy market trust mechanisms, etc (Wang, X., Yao, F. and Wen, F. 2022. Applications of Blockchain Technology in Modern Power Systems: A Brief Survey. Energies, 15)
Conclusion
After conducting a comprehensive systematic literature review regarding how advanced algorithmic applications that involve Blockchain Technology are utilised in the 21st century, it has become evident that Blockchain Technology is being utilised in Artificial Intelligence as well as IoT devices. Not only that but Blockchain technology is also being used in embedded structures and advanced power generation structures. One of the key applications of Blockchain technology nowadays is decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide that is emitted into the atmosphere while producing energy, thus generating eco-friendly energy.
References
Androulaki, E., Karame, G.O., Roeschlin, M., Scherer, T. and Capkun, S. 2013. Evaluating user privacy in Bitcoin, Financial Cryptography and Data Security. In Proceedings of the International Conference On Financial Cryptography And Data Security, pp.34-51.
Dai, W., Choo, R.K.K., Dai, C., Cui, C., Jin, H. and Zou, D. 2020. SDTE: a secure blockchain-based data trading ecosystem. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 15, pp.725-737.
Yu, L.X., Al-Bataineh, O., Lo, D. and Roychoudhury, A. 2020. Smart contract repair. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 29(4), pp.1-32.
